Zoho Project free essay sample

Sublimation Printing most of our imprinting onto pieces of clothing is done as sublimation, rather by the ordinary methods for screen-imprinting onto materials. Sublimation is presumably the most precise and most lasting material printing process known to man. In this procedure, the converse of the picture is at first imprinted onto paper, and is from that point moved onto the clear piece of clothing board utilizing a warmth press for this activity. This bears an unquestionably more precise and perpetual final product than what might be accomplished when utilizing the normal screen-printing process. While screen-printing is done onto the texture, sublimation really hues the individual strands involving a given texture. Flashtrans A one of a kind 3M item which is profoundly intelligent and encourages explicit intelligent logo’s and structures to be applied to articles of clothing. This procedure is most appropriate for application onto to less stretchy textures. This procedure is cited for on a for every cm2 premise, regardless of the amount requested. We will compose a custom paper test on Zoho Project or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Subliflock This progressive new (a world first!) process is perfect for the making of identifications, logo’s and impact subtleties, on both Velotex’s, just as on Cannibal Clothing’s, products. Multicolour advanced sublimation subtleties are imprinted onto a â€Å"peach skin† â€type of substrate, which takes into account plotter-cut, identification like external shapes, to be in this manner cut, making molded identifications or logo external shapes that are then warmth moved onto the article of clothing or board. Subliflock might be utilized any place weaving, screen-printing, an identification, or, for instance, colorful striped-trim subtleties are required. As Subliflock is a non-stretchy substrate, is it appropriate for use on stretch textures, in little measurements just, of state up to 5cm x 5cm, though there is no restriction to estimate, when utilized on non-stretchy textures. This procedure is cited for on a for every cm2 premise, regardless of the amount requested. Velostretch This progressive (likewise a world first!) new procedure is perfect for the formation of logo’s and impact subtleties, on both Velotex’s, just as on Cannibal Clothing’s, merchandise. Single-shading logo’s, pictures or striped-trim detail, for instance, are plotter-cut and afterward heat-moved onto the piece of clothing or board. Velostretch might be utilized any place weaving, screen-printing, an identification, or, for instance, striped-trim subtleties are required. As Velostretch is a profoundly stretchy substrate, is it reasonable for use on stretch textures, in any measurements. Veloflex This procedure is perfect for the making of logo’s and impact subtleties, on both Velotex’s, just as on Cannibal Clothing’s, products. Single shading logo’s, pictures or striped-trim detail, for instance, are plotter-cut and afterward heat-moved onto the piece of clothing or board. Veloflex might be utilized any place weaving, screen-printing, an identification, or, for instance, striped-trim subtleties are required. As Veloflex is a non-stretchy substrate, is it reasonable for use on stretch textures, in little measurements just, state of up to 5cm x 5cm, though there is no restriction to estimate, when utilized on non-stretchy textures. This procedure is cited for on a for each cm2 premise, regardless of the amount requested. Reflex This procedure is perfect for the making of logo’s and impact subtleties, on both Velotex’s and Cannibal Clothing’s, merchandise. Exceptionally intelligent logo’s, pictures or striped-trim detail, for instance, are plotter-cut and afterward heat-moved onto the piece of clothing or board. Reflex might be utilized any place weaving, screen-printing, an identification, or, for instance, striped-trim subtleties are required. As Reflex is a non-stretchy substrate, is it appropriate for use on stretch textures, in little measurements just, state of up to 5cm x 5cm, though there is no restriction to estimate, when utilized on non-stretchy textures. Race Numbers The subtleties are carefully sublimated onto these, best quality, UCI-details, fabric, race-numbers.?Race Numbers costs are amount based per number or per pair of numbers.

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics Essay - 1

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics - Essay Example By investigating the financial information and related signs, business examiners can gauge and foresee the future choices and take choices appropriately. Diverse business and monetary examiners look and screen changed financial pointers as per their own prerequisites and requirements. Sorts OF ECONOMIC SIGNALS USED BY ANALYSTS: These signs which are gotten from the financial information can be classified as immediate signs or aberrant signs. The immediate signs are anything but difficult to decipher and relate with the financial condition. While, the aberrant or easygoing signs are utilized by the financial and business examiner so as to foresee the circuitous effect of macroeconomic marker on the monetary condition in future. This distinction of immediate and roundabout signs can be clarified with the assistance of a model. The financial reports about the expanded GDP and development in various items results in straightforwardly impacting the estimation of the cash and the speculato rs thus can make benefits from it. The roundabout signs which can be gotten from the expectations about the expanded GDP and financial development, because of which the merchants of money enjoy purchasing more cash fully expecting future development in the cash worth and making benefits. MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RETAIL SALES DATA AND INTERPRETATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNALS: The information of retail deals is commonly utilized by various monetary experts so as to anticipate the measure of the individual or shopper utilization on various physical merchandise. Individual utilization is one of the four significant segments of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and legitimately mirrors the financial state of any nation. In some cases, monetary experts likewise utilize the information of retail deals instead of the purchaser utilization in the figuring of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), if real information about buyer utilization isn't accessible (Rogers, 4). Concerning the investi gation of the business conditions, the expansion in the retail deals plainly demonstrates the expansion in the buying intensity of the buyers alongside the expanding request of the physical items. The retailers and makers can take thus foresee that this expansion in the retail deals will at last increment the cost and in light of this the flexibly of the items increments so as to receive more rewards. Every one of these variables will contribute during the time spent financial development and improvement. Then again if the retail deals decline this signals the diminishing in the buying intensity of purchasers, alongside decline in the interest of the items. Which thusly will squeeze the costs and will decrease the gracefully of these items. This overall will hinder the procedure of financial development. Alongside this the information about the retail deals can control the business experts about the changing requests and needs of the customers. QUESTION # 2: HENRY HAZLITT CONCEPT OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN MACROECNOMICS: Henry Hazlitt has proposed an entirely different thought of financial arrangements and choices. He, after second universal war, introduced in this book ‘Economics in One Lesson’ that the primary idea driving all examinations and hypotheses of economies is that the expert and approach producers should remember the long haul and bigger effects of any economy arrangement and not just the momentary ramifications (Rockwell, 7).

The Canopy Club Live Music On Campus

The Canopy Club Live Music On Campus Just because youre in central Illinois and not a major city like Chicago doesnt mean you cant get a taste of live music like you would get at Lollapalooza, the 4-day summer festival in Grant Park. Illinois is home to The Canopy Club in Urbana, which is just a short walk from the Main Quad. The Canopy Club is a live music venue that attracts local and world famous musicians that everyone recognizesâ€"artists of all genres that range all the way from Ben Folds to Bone Thugz and Harmony. Whatever music genre you are into, The Canopy Club will have performers for you. Its not just musicians that come down to perform at The Canopy Club either. Last November, I had the opportunity to see famous comedian Hannibal Burress come do stand up comedy. The show was announced the night before and my friends and I love watching the show Broad City so we couldnt miss this show. My reaction to seeing Hannibal Burress. Source: Giphy Burress was doing a show in St. Louis and he was going back on his way to Chicago, his hometown but he figured he would do a surprise show in Urbana since it was on the way. Thats another great thing about Champaign-Urbana because its a great central location between St. Louis and Chicago. Last weekend, I saw this amazing cover band from Chicago called Rod Tuffcurls and The Bench Press. They are a popular cover band and they sang everything from Disneys Moana to Taylor Swift. There were hundreds of people singing the songs together and it was such a fun time. Tickets were only $8 too, which isnt surprising for Canopy Club show because its a venue that serves affordable tickets for students like us. Its really a great resource and venue to check out live music. My biggest regret from my college experience will be not going to the Canopy Club enough, so please make sure you take advantage of everything Illinois has to offer! The view of the amazing cover band at Canopy Club. Source: Personal photo Daniel Class of 2018 I’m an Advertising major in the College of Media. I’m from a northwest suburb of Chicago called Buffalo Grove. I chose Illinois because it was the first university in the entire world to offer an Advertising major, which is pretty cool!

Trusting The Fed s Judgement - 1789 Words

Trusting the Fed’s Judgement in 2017 At last month’s Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting, Chair Yellen expressed her most upbeat assessment about the near-term path for the US economy by claiming that fiscal stimulus was unnecessary to achieve full employment. Accordingly, unemployment is expected by the FOMC to settle below its natural rate this year. Meanwhile, the current underlying sentiment amongst members appears to suggest that the economy can withstand three 25 basis points increases in the federal funds rate in 2017. This view will, however, not necessarily remain static. In December 2015, for example, the mood of the FOMC appeared to support four 25 basis points increases in its policy rate during 2016. The outcome was,†¦show more content†¦Will the Dollar and Financial Conditions Impact US Monetary Policy in 2017? Deteriorating global financial conditions in the immediate aftermath of the Fed’s December 2015 rate hike helped to produce a sizeable sell off in equity markets in January last year, although a sharp decline in China’s foreign exchange reserves was also to blame. The FOMC was widely expected to raise its policy rate again in March 2016, but the volatile events in financial markets consequently forced members, notably Chair Yellen, to embrace a more dovish policy posture which remained intact until last month. In contrast to last year, financial conditions have not tightened significantly since last month’s decision to raise the federal funds rate. This will, therefore, give a green light for the Fed to proceed with interest rate normalisation depending on economic conditions. Thus, financial markets currently have greater faith in the Fed’s economic outlook compared to a year ago. Meanwhile, the dollar exchange rate presents the FOMC with a more intriguin g challenge, namely the risk of significant overshooting to the upside via a combination of an easier fiscal stance and tightening monetary policy. This outcome occurred between 1980 and 1985, and it helped to produce a significant hollowing out of the US manufacturing sector, notably in the Rust Belt, as well as producing large trade deficits. TheShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1982 Words   |  8 Pagesolder brother Jem were considered to be at the top of Maycomb’s social caste due to their light complexion, respectable family history, and Atticus’ career as a lawyer, other families were not so lucky. As Jem stated, There s the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, there s the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes. (Harper 259). Though the Cunningham’s were white, which would normally mean superiority in this small town, theirRead MoreExplore the Ways That Writers Use Contrast Within a Character or Between Characters to Interest the Reader or Audience.1878 Words   |  8 Pages the rate-† (1,3) this implies that that’s Shylock’s real reward. But after Jessica elopes with Lorenzo and Shylock is thrown into a state of rage, he decides to act out on his bond as he becomes very selfish and his need for revenge clouds his judgement. Shylock knows that if he does take his bond, and ultimately kill Antonio, it would benefit him greatly in business â€Å" He lends out money gratis and lowers the rate of usance here in Venice†. Once Shakespeare has made it clear to the audienceRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 Pagesknowledge’ and that good use is made of ‘relevant research findings.’ It is a government requirement that social work practice is to be evidence based and applied with the combined use of knowledge from research and finely balanced professional judgement. (DoH 2000:16). In order to put research into context a literature review is often used. Denscombe (2002:56) recognises a literature review as a way of demonstrating’ the relevance of research by showing how it addresses questions that ariseRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 PagesBRAND BUILDING BLOCKS Building Strong Brands: Why Is It Hard? It is not easy to build brands in today s environment. The brand builder who attempts to develop a strong brand is like a golfer playing on a course with heavy roughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and vast water barriers. It is difficult to score well in such conditions. Substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand strategies, it is useful toRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. 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Furthermore, they come to understand that the tools themselves do not provide answers. It is their judgement and interpretation rather than the analysis itself that have to be relied upon for answers to problems. If these lessons are learned in practice in a strategy course, the lenses become a powerful way of relating notions of strategy to the real worldRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesglobal management accounting community. Alnoor Bhimani London School of Economics December 2005 CONTENTS ‘ FOREWORD Anthony Hopwood PREFACE Alnoor Bhimani CONTRIBUTORS 1. New measures in performance management Thomas Ahrens and Christopher S Chapman 2. Contract theory analysis of managerial accounting issues Stanley Baiman 3. Reframing management accounting practice: a diversity of perspectives Jane Baxter and Wai Fong Chua 4. Management accounting and digitization Alnoor Bhimani 5. TheRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagessuch cases. Since the Answer Book is 178 pages long, colleagues may find the use of ‘short keys’ useful when searching for answers. By pressing the and keys together, you will be prompted by a pop-up menu. Type in the question number or key word(s) you are seeking answers for (e.g. ‘2.8.3’ or ‘Bausch Lomb’) and press and the answers should appear right in front of you! I hope that you and your students will find the answers (and they are only suggested answers at best) useful in the teaching

Beauty and the Beast...of Media - 1237 Words

Beauty and the Beast...of Media Media is everywhere we turn. It’s displayed on billboards, commercials, Facebook, Twitter and Youtube. It influences people to purchase certain things or even vote for a certain presidential candidate. Media tells us who we are and who we should be. Although media has its positive effects, like spreading the latest news quickly, it also has many downfalls for teenagers, specifically teenage girls, who are hounded with a stream of media related to body image. Today most women always feel the need to look in a mirror whenever they see one to fix their hair or makeup, or even compare themselves to an advertisement featuring an unblemished, blonde haired, skinny woman with perfect hair and skin. Every single girl has done this, but how can it possibly be her fault? For so long women have been trained to compare themselves to others. Girls see flashing lights on every corner that scream to them â€Å"they aren’t good enough† or â€Å"skinny enough†. Seeing thos e ads and their negative message that is sent, girls will go to drastic measures to fit themselves into this image of what society calls â€Å"perfection†, but advertisers are not worried about the person who is buying the product, they are just more worried about if they are going to buy it and often look beyond the point that their ads affect the way girls internalize their messages. For many years, mass media has worked hard to compose this ideal image of what a â€Å"perfect girl† should look like.TheShow MoreRelatedThe Female And Female Relationship1140 Words   |  5 PagesSubmitted date: March 10th, 2016 In our modern society, the mass media and popular culture have cooperative relationships between the dominant and subordinate group, thus the media tend to reinforce and highlight the values and images of those who create the messages and own the means of distribution. 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If children are exposed to stereotypical imagesRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of Beauty and the Beast with Toy Story1236 Words   |  5 Pagesof Beauty and the Beast with Toy Story INTRODUCTION Disney is an excellent example of a Media corporation as it is known worldwide, go any where in the world and ask someone about Mickey Mouse or Daffy Duck and they will know that you are talking about Disney. They have a huge range of advertising and merchandise ranging from childrens books and films to holiday resorts and theme parks. The Disney brand appeals to all, children and adults alike. Beauty andRead MoreFemale Characters Of The Movie The Beast 1090 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuality. In fact, these animated movies introduce the concept of male villains, a status that was primarily reserved for evil queens and witches in the previous fairytales. This new portrayal is shown in Beauty The Beast with Gaston being a simple villager with grand ideas of marriage and schemes of beast-killing. 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Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma Free Essays

string(102) " problems exist for ELISA-based detection of the tumor-specific and vaccine-induced humoral response\." Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) constitute a heterogeneous group of malignancies whose incidence has significantly increased in recent decades. In the year 2000, more than 145,000 cases of NHL were diagnosed in developed countries, representing thus the sixth most common cancer occurring among men and the eighth among women. Low-grade B-cell NHLs, in particular, are incurable diseases characterized by relatively slow growth and excellent initial responsiveness to chemotherapy but also by continuous relapses. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma or any similar topic only for you Order Now In particular, for patients with follicular lymphoma, median overall survival (7-10 years) has not improved over the past 30 years. Although in the vast majority of patients complete or partial remissions can be obtained with either single agents or combination chemotherapy, the clinical course is characterized by a high relapse rate. After relapse, both the response rate and relapse-free survival after subsequent salvage treatment regimens steadily decrease, resulting in a median survival of only 4-5 years after the first relapse. These clinical findings, coupled with the substantial toxicities of standard treatments, have stimulated the search for novel and more tumor-selective therapies. Follicular lymphoma is a clonal B cell malignancy that expresses a unique antigen that is formed by the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains that possess highly variable regions at their amino termini. These variable regions combine to form the antigen recognition site, which can itself be recognized as an antigen, termed the idiotype. The antigen-binding site is a structural feature of each immunoglobulin that distinguishes it from other immunoglobulins. The idiotype of a particular clonal B cell lymphoma represents a tumor-specific antigen. Idiotype is a target of interest in human lymphoma. Therapeutic vaccines targeting B cell lymphoma idiotype (Id) represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for a better clinical control of these malignancies. Immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules are composed of heavy and light chains that possess highly variable regions at their amino termini. B-cell malignancies are clonal proliferations of Ig-producing cells. The idiotypic determinants of the surface Ig can thus serve as a tumor-specific marker for the malignant clone. Indeed, both protein- and dendritic cell-based vaccines that use the patient-specific Id have resulted in clinically significant tumor-specific cellular responses with very little toxicity. A broad use of Id-based vaccination for B cell lymphomas, however, is hampered by the fact that these approaches are patient-specific so that the vaccine must be individually produced for each patient. On these grounds, new strategies obviating the need to produce customized vaccines would further simplify clinical applications of idiotypic vaccines. Goals: Goal 1: Establishment of a large database including sequences of idiotypic VH and VL genes expressed by a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, including low grade B-NHL, autoimmunity-associated lymphoproliferations, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This will allow the identification of candidate Id proteins for â€Å"cross-reactive† immunotherapy. Goal 2: Pre-clinical characterization of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, with particular regard to their ability to induce immune responses against lymphoma cells expressing molecularly correlated Id proteins. The characterization will include the identification of B cell epitopes and HLA Class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes using innovative approaches and will allow the development of dedicated assays for immunomonitoring. Goal 3: Design and validation of optimized Id vaccine. Goal 4: Evaluation and validation of new adjuvants and innovative delivery systems for improved Id vaccine formulations and administration. Goal 5: â€Å"Clinical-grade† production and purification of optimized Id proteins for patient vaccination. Introduction There are approximately 65,000 new cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed each year in the US with a comparable number in Europe. Despite the use of aggressive chemotherapy and recent advances in therapy such as monoclonal antibodies (Rituxan, TM), the disease is almost invariably fatal. Follicular lymphoma (FL) patients, in particular, can have an indolent but ultimately fatal clinical course. The median relapse time for FL patients is three years, with 90% of patients dying of a tumor-related mortality within 7 years of the date of diagnosis. The clinical course is usually characterized by a series of remissions and relapses. Good response rates are seen with treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, lymphocyte transplantation, and monoclonal antibodies. However, following initial response to treatment, the cancer invariably returns and the majority of patients relapse with resistance to all available therapy. Related B-cell derived neoplasms include multiple myeloma (approx. 15,000 cases/year in the US and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (approx. 10,000 cases/year in the US). Isolation of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has been a long sought-after goal for scientists involved in both basic and clinical research. Whereas tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are localized on both normal and tumor cells, TSA are peculiar to tumor cells. This characteristic makes TSA a very desirable target for immune therapy strategies aiming to spare normal cells, or at least the indispensable ones. As regards effectors mechanisms, although some indirect evidence exists for participation of both natural killer (NK) cells (especially those activated by IL-2, known as lymphokine- activated killer, or LAK cells), and TNF-secreting macrophages in tumor immunity, most interest has been focused on the role of antigen-specific antibodies and T lymphocytes. This is particularly true among scientists developing anti-Id vaccines for human FL, even though no substantial agreement has yet been reached on which of the two main effectors pathways is most important. FL conforms to the general rule that tumors have several mechanisms to escape the attention of the immune system. The risks that Ig somatic hypermutations could result in aminoacid residue replacements leading to substantial changes within the fine immunogenic structure of the Id do not seem to be so relevant. Indeed, no such occurrence has been reported in any of the several dozen patients who have been immunized over the last decade. A much more relevant issue is the very limited ability of FL cells to present their own antigens. Although ontogenetically very close to normal mature B-lymphocytes, with respect to their normal counterparts FL cells are very poor as antigen presenting cells (APCs). This makes it rather difficult to evaluate any vaccine-induced, tumor-specific cytotoxicity even in vitro. On the other hand, no such problems exist for ELISA-based detection of the tumor-specific and vaccine-induced humoral response. You read "Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma" in category "Papers" The first study of anti-Id vaccinations in humans dates only from 1992. Until then, all the work had obviously been confined to animal models. However, the accumulation of experimental data has led to the development of several promising strategies that are currently being investigated in clinical trials. These include the utilization of the Id in the form of a soluble protein or as a DNA sequence, either used to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) or else to be administered in combination with immunologic adjuvants. Soluble protein Id vaccine production is based on a hybridoma technique, which in vitro allows production of exactly the same Ig as that present on the surface of the clonal B cells of FL, or in other words the tumor-specific Id. The suspension of single cells obtained from a biopsy specimen almost invariably contains a residual population of normal B-lymphocytes alongside the tumor cells. Screening of the hybridomas by means of Ig heavy chain CDR3 PCR identification is therefore required in order to make sure that the Ig of the selected hybridoma is truly identical to the tumor- associated one.31 Once the cultured hybridoma has yielded enough purified Id, the TSA needs to be made far more immunogenic than it is in its free form. For this purpose, it may either be conjugated with a highly immunogenic carrier such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or else used to pulse autologous DCs. The association of a soluble protein Id vaccine with immunologic adjuvants monocyte colony-stimulating-has also proved extremely important. Granulocyte factor (GM-CSF) currently seems to be the best such adjuvant both in animal models and humans, probably because of its capacity for local recruitment of DCs in vivo at the site of vaccine injections. This step would appear to be superfluous when autologous DCs are loaded with Id ex vivo and then re-injected into the patient. A completely different alternative approach involves administration of the patients’ Id-encoding DNA sequence. With the rise of molecular technology, such DNA vaccines are beginning to come into their own. For instance, exploitation of appropriate molecular vectors (ie containing both a leader and promoter sequence) for insertion of the nucleotide sequences responsible for biosynthesis of both the Ig heavy and light chains variable regions is now relatively easy. Between the heavy- and light-chains variable regions sequences, an intertwined linker peptide must also be inserted to allow the ultimate Id-containing molecule (scFv) to fold properly. Furthermore, the vaccine can be further strengthened by adding other DNA sequences encoding for immunologic adjuvants or powerful immunogens to the vector. Finally, intramuscular injections allow progressive release of the Id following synthesis by muscular cells. In addition, this administration route seems to be associated with prolonged conservation of the genetic information within the cells without any apparent signs of integration into their genome. Experimental Design Goal 1: Establishment of a large database including sequences of idiotypic VH and VL genes expressed by a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, including low grade B-NHL, autoimmunity-associated lymphoproliferations, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This will allow the identification of candidate Id proteins for â€Å"cross-reactive† immunotherapy. In establishing a database, there will be steps to follow in order to support the evidences claimed. I. Finding the cases and the occurrence of VH and VL in lymphoproliferative disorders in different hospitals and institutions that could provide valuable information for the said disorders. The facts and information should have the confirmed consent of the persons involved. II. Subjecting the cases to thorough analysis to provide the essential information needed in documenting the cases. III.   Testing the subject under the identification of Id proteins. IV. Organizing the information and establishing the database. Methods: Establishing a database to easily organize information and data needed in making the information available readily whenever they will analyze situation in which there is a suspected occurrence of lymphoproliferative disorder. By providing the information needed, they could develop system that would make things easier for them to do actions required in addressing such situation. Primary step is consolidating all the available facts and information provided that they have the consent from the owner of the information. By having the desired facts available for the reorganization of it, they could classify it according to the general category they want to use in creating their database. It could be based on severity of the case or could be base on gender or any factor that could greatly affect the situation. Then, by gathering the information they needed, the analysis of the data should be carefully done for them to eliminate excess and negligible data for an easier organization of the structure of their available resources. By implicating the main thrust of the database to the core concept of having advance cases of NHL, the higher chance they could get the information and the data based on the clinical findings of actual patients and people who suffered from that. By simply opening the way of introducing different vaccines in addressing the situation, they could develop a system of transferring and managing information that could make things easier especially in developing new technology and medicinal advancement in creating a better and more effective ways of treating such disease. By making the information more manageable, they could likely innovate an advance communication that would lead them in establishing better information and data management for the use of the development of vaccines and cures. Since they have the information but they should examine carefully every bit of information that will be a part of their set of data and facts. By looking closely to the subjects result and the specification of the action done, the development of such process in introducing a new finding on the matter should be considered. Since the goal is to establish a database that will focus on the information that could provide the facts needed on the cases diagnosed with a NHL, it is important to screen the cases as important and not negligible for them to be able to use it as a case. At the end of the process, they would go back to their primary goal and that is to establish a functional database that the core information and the key factors are integrated in a way that it would make the processing of facts and vital data would be efficient and effectively handled. Also, it will introduce technology that would compensate the fast rising of development in technological advancement even in the field of medicine. Because there are ready to use valuable information for them to handle and initialize their desired action, they would be able to commend the different opportunities in which they could get specimens and studied it for future discoveries and researches. In all, by their incorporation of the cases of NHL and their desired goal of making the information available for them to be able to easily study and review the situations and cases they previously have for them to execute and evaluate the validity of the existing tests in the current occurrence of the disease in the real place. Goal 2: Pre-clinical characterization of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, with particular regard to their ability to induce immune responses against lymphoma cells expressing molecularly correlated Id proteins. The characterization will include the identification of B cell epitopes and HLA Class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes using innovative approaches and will allow the development of dedicated assays for immunomonitoring. In dealing with the pre-classification of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, the processes involved are: I.   Accumulating soluble proteins to be tested. II. Testing them with hybridoma essential in testing the equivalence of the tumor inducing material that leads to development of the tumor. III.   Inducing the effect of the proteins and identifying its effect on B cells. IV. Using advance technique in analyzing the result and implicating with the use of the modern testing equipment and processes. Accumulation: Testing the proteins for it to be classified will be the first step. From the patients who are suffering from FL, different samples will be getting for the medical technology to be applied. Then by cultivating natural proteins, they will use it to further test the capacity of the natural cell in penetrating and deeply interacting with other Id proteins in the development of resistance to such substance. By eradicating some external factors such as the presence of other organisms, they could screen the protein level for them to be able to produce and test the Id proteins by exposing it to toxoids that could develop resistance on the desired solution. Then, the Id proteins gathered will be stored for further testing. Testing: Then, preparation of the Id protein to be tested will be carefully done in a controlled environment. Since the tumor development can not be detected by the immune system, the development of inducing material will be necessary for them to penetrate the basic defenses of the tumor. By exposing it to NKL, tumor will exhibit a different behavior but will not be extinguished. Since B cells epitope derived multiply myeloma that had been the major cause of the return of the behavior of the tumor cells, the gradual exposing it to be classified by soluble Id proteins will be dedicated. The allowance of certain percent productivity will be the basic goal of the clinical testing for them to be able to derive the pre-classification scheme that will determine substances that induce immunity on certain level with the use of soluble and Id protein present in the environment. Effect and its Identification After the testing had been carefully done, they will examine its effect on various elemental positions by trying the substance on the possible outcome. Then, FL cells will be isolated then proteins will be added to see the effect on the neoplasms produced by B-cells. Since the outcome would produce certain behavior that will exhibit a different expected one, the process will be repeatedly associated with soluble proteins to target the development of TSA since it target tumor cells. Analyzing the Result Then, the result will be analyzed in a way that it consistently produces same output. Then after looking closely and making sure that no other substance induced the effect, the validity of the result will be the next concern in analyzing the data. For it to be valuabe, the result should consist the scientific analysis of the vaccine to be introduced for them to be able to adopt a real one. Goal 3: Design and validation of optimized Id vaccine. Since the protein had been introduced in TSA that would target tumor cells, it is important to develop the next stage wherein it will pay attention to that. Tumor cells, after being extinguished by some other methods, always come back and provide a worse situation that before. It is a common problem of the development of cure because as soon as they introduce stronger antigens and antibiotics, the cells develop stronger immunity to them, making them more powerful and gave them the power to come back and come back whenever they are defeated. The result of the previous testing of the material will be used as the raw data in determining the precise development of the vaccine needed for the tumor cells. Toxoids produced by microorganisms will be introduced to the tumor cells for them to create an astounding reaction with the cells to help the antigens produce a better shield to the tumor cells. They would also address the production of its own immunity by targeting the B cells epitopes produced by the tumor cells for them to be able to weaken the effect of the tumor cells in the body. By simply having the same effect on the cells, they would establish the immunity desired. In addition, since soluble proteins produces amino acid residue, the effect of it to the development of various outgoing tumor cells will be beneficial in the sense that it would catch up the screening proves by a hard core stimulation of heavy chain CDR3 PCR. Then, the use of material that would likely predict the behavior will also introduce for the existing antigen to determine it. Goal 4: Evaluation and validation of new adjuvants and innovative delivery systems for improved Id vaccine formulations and administration. After having the result of the vaccine being tested hand-on on the tumor cells, the activation of the production of antigens will be manipulated for those to be able manage the outcome of the result. By having the systematic chain of micro toxoids that will enter the entire system of the body, they would likely produce different kinds of reactions that would benefit the production of self stimulating antigens. By exposing it to different procedures that would attest the certainty and validity of the desired production, after introducing different sets of toxoids and NK cells, the development of the self inducing multiple protein will help in eradicating the symptoms and the effect of FL. It is known that FL is fatal in terms of its effect on the human entire system. So it is important to devise a precise way of handling and dealing with it for them to be able to have an outer perspective of the natural phenomena. Id proteins will act as binders to the solutions that will be used in strengthening NK cells and TSA to promote the development and inhibit the further production of malignant development of tumor cells. By preventing the further growth of it, they would have larger revenue in which they could satisfy the needs and the improvement for having a stronger antigen. Then, natural growth of TSA will be affected by the inducing of soluble protein to target dendritic cells for them to be able to manifest the basic function of fighting foreign toxins that could affect the development of the tumor as a vital implication of the vaccine. The use of different methods in determining the feasibility of inducing the growth and the development of natural antigens that would be sufficient enough to fight the invading tumor cells will be of great use for them to be able t produce more antigens that will prevent the further worsening of the situation. Validating the use f the vaccine as one of the potential sources of defense against the foreign material invading the system would be beneficial if the could handle the needs of having a more systematized and organized level of founding a solution that would focus on the elimination of cell processes that inhibits the growth of malignant tumor like FL that is fatal to humans. Subjecting enough NK cells to further strengthening process will help them in making the process worthwhile I making a protein Id that would address the situation as founding solution to the antigen development. Goal 5: â€Å"Clinical-grade† production and purification of optimized Id proteins for patient vaccination. After developing the vaccine the process would involve the following: I.   Purifying the Vaccine to be prepared. II.   Final Verification III. Mass Production IV.   Patient Vaccination Purification After devising the vaccine, the next step is purifying it by eliminating microorganisms that would have effects on the vaccine. By continuously subjecting the vaccine into different microorganism killing environment, they would lessen the potential of having such. Radiating and constantly developing processes will be sufficient in terminating such microorganisms. Final Verification After the purification of the vaccine, a method will be done for them o be able to test if the results are really valid by having it tested for final verification. It is important to deal with it because the importance f verifying the vaccine would greatly affects its validity in the medical society. By having it tested trough lab rats or animals that have developed FL tumors; they would be injected with such vaccine for them to see if the previous results will e the same. Mass Production After the verification process, the next process will involve producing the vaccine enough for human consumption. The proteins that deal with the development of TSA would have a various report on it validity and essentialism for them to be able to have a developed system of introducing vaccines. Vaccination After the production and the vaccine is ready to use, it would be given to the patients, as long as it is approved by the medical board, to be sued as vaccine against the development of FL into malignant tumors that endangered the lives of many people. Then, by having the system of production of certain involvement of the NK cells within the hybridoma of dendritic cells, the vaccine will be of much use since it will introduce antigens that will prepare the body for the possible FL development. Since there are certain kinds of toxoids that will be introduced, there will be a harsh reaction at first to the place where it is injected because of the behavior of the toxoids and the T cells of the body. This is a sign that the vaccine is effective and doing a reaction that would strengthen the immune system of the body. Discussion After the development of the vaccine in FL, it is important to understand the need of developing such because of its adverse effect on the development of humans. It endangered the lives of many people without having the prior notification of the said disease. This is a vital step in the clinical world. Considering the existence of the natural antigens present in the environment, by the use of Id proteins that inhibits the growth of tumor cells; it would be beneficial to mankind if the continuous development will take place. By exploring the kind of the interaction ventured in this kind of process, the elemental composition of the vaccine would be developed to address the needs of the people in having the desired implication of the subject process. The processing of vaccine would include the development of stages in which it would acknowledge the presence of the cells responsible for the development of the disease. In effect, they would have a better understanding on the subject, matter and would increase the possibility of having a curable state. By implicating the notion of having a different technique in addressing the development of the vaccine, the question left for it is how long would it last for them not only to develop vaccine but also to develop a cure that would forever block the negative effects of the disease. By using and ensuring the safety of the user, they would have a proper citation of the needed plan for them to be able to execute the importance of the vaccine and its use in the modern life. Furthermore, by examining the application of the vaccine in the curing of the disease, we would see the importance of development and use of innovating techniques in determining the possible outcome of the curing of the disease. Finally, the consideration of the process if it fits the standards of the medical consideration despite the fact that there exist different processes that involve much medicinal advancement should take into consideration the impact of the introduction of this vaccine prior to the ethical understanding of the matter.   Since FL can be considered as one of the deadliest disease that one can have, the help of having a vaccine against it is beneficial to the human industry. How to cite Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma, Papers

Physics lab Essay Example For Students

Physics lab Essay Buoyancy occurs because the hot air has a lower density than the cooler outside air. This lower density air weighs less than the air it replaces and that preference is the buoyancy. 2. What makes balloons float when they are full of air but not float when they are deflated? Balloons float when they are full of hot air because the hot air weighs less than the air that is in the chamber which results in a floating balloon. 3. Starting with a hot air balloon, figure out how to make the balloon float. This leaves a dot on the tape for every hit. The power source ensures that the vibration of the stylus will be regular. The period(T) of the timer it takes for the stylus to move all the way down and then up-one complete cycle. The frequency(f) of the timer is how many times the stylus goes through a cycle in a second. So the frequency. We will calculate the frequency using formula Frequency(f)=number of dots/ time, and then calculate the period using formula Period(T)= per unit time/ frequency. Procedure: 1 . Follow instructions and assemble the apparatus. . Put a carbon paper disc which is carbon-side-up on the fix shaft between the attest. 2. Place a short strip of timer tape in the recording timer over the paper disc. 3. Make sure the tape is threaded through the gates and is free of snags. 4. Turn the timer on and pull the strip through the gates. 5. Make sure you are getting dots on the underside of the tape. 6. Use the test tape to decide on the best speed to pull the tape, so that the dots are easy to read. 7. Place a +1. 5 meter piece of tape in the timer. 8. Pull the tape through a gentle, constant motion with one hand. 9. As you pull, operate the stop-watch with the other hand. The time should be close to 3 seconds. 0. Turn the ticker timer off. 11. Remove the tape and mark on it the exact time it took to run the tape. 12. Count the dots on the tape and calculate the frequency and the period of timer. 13. Re-do the above if the results are not satisfying. 14. Repeat the above for all members of the group. 15. Tabulate everyones results and compute all the results. 16. Enter all data in the table. 17. The paper tape is not straight when pulling so it may resulted in inaccurate number of dots. 3. During the experiment on two occasions the disc would either not imprint anything on to the ticker tape paper if the needle was too high or come off during the experiment as it turns. This resulted in trails having to be repeated and the waste of lab materials to retrieve accurate data. 4. The time we release and pull the tape and the operation of the stop-watch were done by two hands. This created the possibility for the tape to be released slightly before or after the timer was activated. . The ideal time is 3 seconds. However, it is next to impossible to be that exact. Such a synchronization problem can change the records of the number of dots but may not seem drastic since we are focused on the frequency and the period of the ticker timer. Percentage Error: argental error= [experiment value accepted value/ x 100 accepted value error in opened XIII Critical Analysis: This lab shows how we can further get to know a ticker timer by applying the knowledge of frequency and period. .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa , .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .postImageUrl , .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa , .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:hover , .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:visited , .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:active { border:0!important; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:active , .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17ec4114b99dd911282a92b5d86066aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible: Although Abigail And The Girls Initi EssayThrough the lab, I knew that frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time and the period in seconds, meaning the number of seconds per cycle. The lab worked out well in our group with a percentage of error of less than 2% but I still found some possible improvements that can make the results more accurate: 1. We could try pulling the tape before tarring the ticker timer and the stop watch to eliminate the miscounting of the numbers of dots caused by blotching of dots at the beginning of the tape. 2. Invest in a digital photo gate to eliminate the error caused by stopping and starting the stop watch effectively. 3. We can get a more accurate results by pulling a longer tape for as so that some inevitable errors can be minimized. 4. Pull the tape along the edge of the table to have a better result of dots on the tape. Every experiment has errors, but that doesnt mean we are certain to make mistakes, we should be aware of that something we cannot control should lead to errors, yet we need to endeavor to minimize the errors by some methods. Extension Questions: 1 . Why is it important not to pull the tape too quickly? Firstly, once the tape is run out before 3 seconds, we surely need to re-do the lab, thus it would be a waste of time (shorten time for getting a more perfect result) and experiment materials. Secondly, if the dots are recorded entirely, you would find that the distance between two dots are long and harder for us to count the number of the dots. Thirdly, because of the high pulling speed, the spots on the tape maybe light- Loren, it is more likely for us to ignore some of the dots, which will certainly lead to human errors. 2. Why is it also important not to pull the tape too slowly? Pulling the tape too slowly would make the distance between two dots too short, in extreme cases, the dots may coincide, therefore it is harder for us to get exact number of the dots which furthermore will affect the accuracy of the whole experiment. 3. Does is matter whether the dots are unevenly spaced along the tape? What would that indicate? It does not matter. Since what we need is only the umber of the dots in order to calculate the frequency and the period of the ticker timer, the formula we used would average out the number of the unevenly-spaced dots during per time intervals. Therefore, the distance between any two of them doesnt affect the results. However, it indicates that we didnt pull the tape through a constant motion. 4. Would your results be more accurate if you had drawn a longer piece of tape for 5 seconds? Explain. Synchronization problem as we cannot switch on the ticker timer the same time we start the stop watch, and we cannot switch off the ticker timer the same time we stop he stop watch are inevitable. Thus however long the experiment takes, there should be some errors. Whereas, if the period and frequency are calculated by a larger number of dots and a longer experiment time, the results will be more accurate and minimize the error. In order to achieve this, we could, for example, pull a mm+ piece of tape for as. Relevant research: It is apparent that frequency is equal to the reciprocal of the period f =I/T, so it is an inverse relationship and it is a measure of the periodicity of the function. If the number of counts is not very large, it is more accurate to measure the time interval or a predetermined number of occurrences, rather than the number of occurrences within a specified time.

Marketing Cricket Communications Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Unlimited talk. text. web and countrywide 3G informations. † ( Cricket Wireless. 2012 ) . Verizon. Sprint. and AT A ; T are all good known cell phone carries ; they all have been around for many old ages. Today. a new radio service has grown to the top of the charts. it is called Cricket Wireless. Even though they have merely been around 13 old ages. Cricket has expanded all over the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cricket Communications Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This little radio company that started with selling in two provinces has now expands in over 35 provinces ( LEAP. 2012 ) . Leap Wireless International. Inc. was the name given to what is now known as Cricket Wireless. With merely 30 employees at that clip. they had a vision to supply low-cost radio service to clients all over. Leap was an international market and even though they stayed focal point on their primer market there was a new squad working on spread outing their merchandise into the United States. In 1989. Leap Cricket Wireless was born. Their first market was Chattanooga. Tennessee with an limitless service of talk for merely 30 dollars a month which was lunched March 17. 1999. In 2000. they expand into nine extra markets that conceit of Nashville. Knoxville. Memphis. Greensboro. Tulsa. Tucson. Charlotte. Small Rock and Salt Lake City. By 2002 they had thirty- four extra markets. Leap Cricket Wireless was good over one million clients. although. a twelvemonth subsequently they would register voluntary request for alleviation under chapter 11 besides known as â€Å"reorganization† bankruptcy. This merely helped their company to go what is now known as Cricket Wireless. The metempsychosis of Leap occurred in 2004 but now as Cricket Wireless. New and fresh thoughts would come to the tabular array. Their services that started with limitless talk were now spread outing to text messaging. image messaging. and long distance. By 2006. Cricket Wireless had two million clients. With few old ages in the market they had reached a larger Numberss but they still lacked in some countries. Their rivals had a larger coverage country and services like nomadic web. Cricket made this possible in 2007 ; by conveying a 3g web to their clients. They besides added a new system for payments called bridge payment ; this would let their clients to put up an extension on their measure for a period of seven yearss. The span payment would be a payment of 17 dollars per line of service and after the seven twenty-four hours period their leftover balance would be due. Cricket now included a roaming program and a larger coverage country every bit good as their web expanded into other markets like: Oklahoma. Corpus Christi. Laredo. McAllen/Brownsville. Las Vegas. St. Luis. Savannah. and Milwaukee/Madison. Expanding to these new markets allowed cricket to make to over three million clients. As engineering advanced Cricket couldn’t stay behind and in 2010. the launched their first android the Sanyo Zio by Kyocera. Cricket was offering non merely cell phone service for station paid and prepaid but they besides had internet service. There broadband was a hit with program every bit low as 35 dollar they had unlimited cyberspace for their desktop or laptop. Cricket’s new true programs that included non merely more services for less money but the 26 per centum of revenue enhancements were removed and clients now merely paid the province revenue enhancement. This increased gross revenues but the clients still demanded more. Muve Music was introduced with a program of 65 dollars a month a client non merely had over a 1000 application to take from but limitless downloads of music. This downloads were available to you in lupus erythematosuss so twenty seconds and a whole album in less than two proceedingss. Cricket celebrates the over five million clients they now p rovide service for. The start of a new twelvemonth and as summer hits Cricket launches the most expected merchandise the iphone 4g and 4s. At a starting monetary value of $ 399 and $ 499 and a rate program like no other of lone 55 and with all its services unlimited. Cricket becomes the first prepaid service to offer the iphone. The Huawie Mercury as one of Crickets best phones on the market with an 8. 0 million. pel camera and a processor of 1. 4 GHz this android gets rated in American by the PC magazine as the best in the market. Cricket now service to over six million clients countrywide and with a small over a decennary functioning they have turning and raised to the top reasonably rapidly. This little company that started with international services is now one of Americans strongest rival when it comes to wireless services. With low rate programs and low-cost devices Cricket has claimed to the top. I have worked for a cricket trade for over four old ages and when I foremost stated they had few markets and a little assortment of devices to offer. I look back and think of how much this company has grown and the sum of clients that have switched their service over to Cricket. Working with some of the Cricket reps. I have seen all the difficult work and dedication that they have put into this company as they try and delight the client. Strengths that I see in this company are like the low-cost monetary values. limitless services. and great merchandises. Failings would be the big market and the great competition against like Boost Mobile. Virgin Mobile. Sprint. Verizon. At A ; t. and many more. Opportunities they have is to make out to those who are looking for a low low-cost service and menaces that doing it so low-cost lowers the sum of money that the company brings in really twelvemonth. Never the less. Crickets has shown that they have and can remain on top while offering the best monetary values. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. leapwireless. com/who-we-are/wireless-industry

Harry Potter essays

Lord of the Rings/Harry Potter essays Although numerous critics have trashed the latest film versions of these major British works, J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter series and J.R.R. Tolkeins Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings trilogy are strong representative models of universal and classical literature, valuable to academics and laymen alike. Allusions in Harry Potter, such as the King Arthur and Excalibur legend, are modeled in the scene with the giant Basilisk fight and the triumphant sword from the Sorting Hat; King Arthur, the legend is so widely used in media, societies young and old around the world are able to identify the classical themes of strength and of power of good intentions over pervasive evil. Likewise, Homers Odyssey, being one of the oldest pieces of world literature still popular today and having entertained readers foe millennia, exhibits a basic and universal plot of the epic hero overcoming impossible odds to achieve a noble goal and this is a comparison between Odysseus epic journey through the Mediter raneans numerous mythological obstacles matched with Frodos expedition through Middle Earth returning the one Ring for Mordors destruction. The names used in Harry Potter are of Latin ancestry, such as Minerva McGonnagoll, meaning goddess Athena head of crafts, war, and wisdom, and this not only shows the allusion to the name Athena, but helps all readers understand Minervas importance in the novel. Wisdom, a major theme in both novels, common to almost every novel and a universal and classical desired trait for most communities, is implied by the head wizard, Gandolf in Lord of the Rings, meaning wise old shaman with a flowing beard and magical powers. One of the major morals taught in the novel Harry Potter is self-sacrifice, putting oneself voluntarily in a problem situation to better everyone, shown at the climax when Harry leaves his friend behind at the chess game to pursue Vol...

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Benjamins Character Essay

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Benjamins Character - Essay Example This paper stresses that Genre, Mise-en-scà ¨ne, lighting, camera angle, sound, and narrative are some of the film-making techniques used in this film. This paper is going to analyze these film-making techniques used in the film, and describe how Benjamin was able to face all the difficulties in his life. According to Campsall, a film’s genre hints what to expect in the film, and this film’s genre ranges between science fiction, romance and history. Science fiction is used because Benjamin’s condition at birth, and the way he lived from old to young cannot exist. From this paper it is clear that Romance is also a genre used in this film and it can be seen in the way Benjamin falls in love with Daisy. She developed a close friendship with him from an early age, and even though they were separated at some point, they still loved each other. The movie is set in the just after the end of the First World War, and history as a genre can be seen here. There is family who lost their child in war, and there is a time when Benjamin and a crew in a ship were in war for America. One can be able to see the livelihood of people during that time and learn a few things about history. The movie starts in a hospital, and the director only shows old Daisy lying on the bed, her daughter, and an attending nurse. Mise-en-scà ¨ne is used here because the hospital’s name is not shown, and other patients are also not shown.

Classical and Romantic Era styles in music Essay

Classical and Romantic Era styles in music - Essay Example The importance of Les Six in the 1920s of France was important not only because of the changes in classical music. There were also attempts to express the political and social changes that were occurring within France and at a global level. France was currently experiencing the political movements of revolution and war, specifically which began to emerge in the late 1800s. The time period which led to more experimentation was after World War I. The general ideology of those that were in France during this time was based on finding a sense of freedom from the past of politics with an understanding of the complexities from the suffering of war as well as the new philosophies based on freedom. This led to the exploratory nature of the music and the new expressions which showed the modern complexity of the time. The war, as well as the corruptions in politics was then able to guide in new philosophies and ideologies into a sense of modernism1. With the changes in politics, were also alte rations in identity among the French culture. This was based on the ideas of nationalism, specifically which expressed a new ideology by understanding that France needed to regain an identity outside of the wars that were being fought. The ideal of patriotism of France, as well as the identity of changing the cultural aspects that were associated with the France became the main objectives. This was combined with the concept of modernity, specifically which came from the growth of the industrial era.

Adolescent Sexual Development

Adolescent Sexual Development Kari Svendsen Abstract: This paper touches on the importance of providing public awareness and education to our educators, parents, and students so that we reduce the number of girls that have onset puberty. It also provides information on how we can teach parents to be supportive during adolescents, which can be a difficult and confusing time for students, which is more important than ever. With the improvement of sexual education programs taught in our school systems, parents and teachers can adequately prepare students for the negative effects of sexual activity before it is too late. The numbers of adolescents engaging in sexual activity, STIs and teen pregnancies can be reduced. Adolescent Sexual Development Sexual maturation and growth spurts both accompany puberty and can be a difficult and confusing time for adolescents, especially with children hitting puberty at an earlier age than ever. It is essential that adolescents have the support of their teachers, parents, and physicians at this transitional time in their lives. Even though sexual education is taught in our school systems, these students are inadequately prepared and a staggering number of students are exposed to sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancy; not to mention the emotional distress that adolescents will endure. It takes years for the average adolescents’ body to go through the process of sexual maturation. The onset of puberty is not triggered by any particular event, but rather a multitude of things such as stress, genetics, nutrition and diet as well as the amount of body fat to name a few (Gentry, p. 1, 2002). There is also a growth spurt that is brought on by puberty when the skeletal system grows rapidly. This can occur in girls starting at age 10 and boy at age 10.5; this growth spurt usually ends around 19 for girls and 20 for boys (Headlee, p. 7, 2010). Hands legs and feet are first and then the growth spurt will hit the torso; in girls, the sexual hormone will attribute to broader hips. These growths spurts can be an awkward time for adolescent children as their bodies are evening out. Some researchers say there is no external cause for early onset puberty, while others say different. Some researchers have linked obesity as a contributing factor (Parent, p. 670, 2003). The inactivity and poor diet of our youth is putting them at risk for a higher percentage of body fat which leads to premature puberty. Environmental chemical have also been linked to an onset of puberty. Chemicals are added to almost all commercial cleaning products to include: shampoo, teething toys, bottles. Chemicals can also be in the food that adolescents eat. Another onset of puberty can be linked to the absence of a girl’s father; researchers have shown that the longer the girls has been away from her father the earlier she will start her first menstrual cycle (Parent, p. 671, 2003). Research findings show that girls who are ill-prepared for the physical and emotional changes brought on by puberty will have the most difficult time (Gentry, p. 1, 2002). This means that providing adolescents a stable and encouraging environment with family, teachers, and physicians is crucial. Beth Ross, Director of student services at Rockdale County School, expresses her concern of parent and teacher involvement after uncovering a syphilis outbreak in her school system. Rockdale County is a small, close-knit community, made up of wealthy families in a desirable part of Atlanta. Here, at least 19 females and 4 males were part of the syphilis outbreak (Ross, 1999). Through interviews and investigations it was learned that at the center of the outbreak were a group of young girls that were no older than 16 (Ross, 1999). The sexual activity would sometimes be accompanied with the use of drugs and alcohol, and the sexual interactions were with slightly older boys. These interactions would take place at one of the girl’s home when her parents were not in the house. These girls not only had sex with each other but also with all of the other boys in an open and communal environment. Beth Ross has been a counselor for over 16 years and says that the needs of children into today’s world are the same as 16 years ago when she started; they have not changed (Ross, 1999). These children have the same needs, the only thing that has changed is that both sets of parents are now working and have become too â€Å"busy† (Ross, 1999). She also points out that the young girls, who are at such shockingly young ages, that are sexually active and it stems from being asked as well as needing to feel loved and wanted. This comes from something lacking in the childhood for them to desire to become sexually active at such a young age. She mentions that these students are lacking limits and structure in their lives, lack of parents being there for them to say this is how far you go and what is acceptable. Sixteen years ago parents were more adamant about what children were and were not allowed to do so there was no question in their mind what their limits were. Some par ents say that they did not like the way they were raised and that they would never treat their child the way they were treated, but this is when the structure they hated as a child goes out of the window and where rebellion begins. Rules and structure are crucial to children. After the follow-up interview was conducted at Rockdale County, some 6-12 months later, a few of the girls were still sexually active and also still used drugs. There were just a few of the girls that said they were no longer sexually active due to the stricter rules and supervision enforced by their parents. The girls interviewed all seemed to agree that there was still a lack of communication with their parents and that no real action had been taken since the outbreak occurred. By the end of the follow-up interviews and investigation 8 of the over 20 girls were pregnant (Ross, 1999). An extensive study has been conducted by Selma N. Caal, in 2008, on high-risk sexual behavior. Caal reported that youth with highly cohesive families and low peer norms reported low risk sexual behavior; however, youth with highly cohesive families and high peer norms reported high risk sex (Caal, 2008). Youth coming from low cohesive families did not base their sexuality on their peers. If youth perceived that the peers were okay with and engaging in sexual behavior then they were more likely to be sexually active themselves (Caal, 2008). During adolescence teens try to separate from their parents and become closer to their peers, so parental communication regarding sexual behavior is crucial to the youth’s sexual activity. The more time that parents spend away from their children, the more room for risky behavior. In a time when dual parents are working full-time jobs is it harder than ever to stay in communication and enforce rules. Age also plays a factor with risky sexual behavior; as older youth were more likely for this behavior, possibly because of their sexual maturity level (Caal, 2008). Also media plays a very strong role in adolescent sexual behavior as they are exposed to it constantly, and can send messages that high-risk sexual behavior is welcomed and accepted. The age of youth engaging in sexual activity drops each year and is a great concern which proves that our youth should be better educated and monitored not only at home but also in the school system. The numbers of high-risk sexual behavior adolescents could be significantly reduced by educating our youth and holding them more accountable. Advocate for Youth reports the effectiveness of sexual education in schools has contributed to lower numbers in teen pregnancy, lower numbers of youth engaging in unprotected sex, and also delayed initiation of sexual behavior altogether (McKeon, 2006). Sexual education seems to be failing as a whole, as there are 1 million people a day who acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI) (WHO, 2013). We are failing our youth and our world at a rate of 30 million people a month, 360 million people a year (WHO, 2013). Our adolescents account for nearly half of these numbers. STI’s are causing major infertility problems and in some cases even death. They are also costing billions of dollars annually. Unprotected sex and teen birth is still a problem; however, we are moving in the right direction as a 9 percent drop was recorded from 2009-2010 (Hamilton Ventura, 2012). This puts us at a record low rate of 34.3 births per 1000 girls between the ages of 15-19 (Hamilton Ventura, 2012). Although numbers are lowering, this is a still a major concern for both mother and child as they are rarely able to financially support themselves and cost the public 10.9 billion dollars annually (Hamilton Ventura, 2012). These staggering numbers can change if we start providing The Development Assets, created by the Search Institute, to our youth; this is a guarantee. These assets are 40 research-based encouraging qualities that affect adolescent development. By providing them to our youth, we are helping them to become caring, responsible, and productive adults. These assets have be proven to work and are quickly becoming the most positive youth development in the United States and globally. All across the world and now in other countries it is apparent the positive affect that the assets have been for all cultural and socioeconomic groups (Institute, 2007). Also, high-risk behavior is better predicted by the level of Developmental Assets one has, than their family, resources, or location. However, like with Rockdale County, most of our adolescents will have less than 40 Assets (Institute, 2007). The Developmental Assets include things such as family support, positive family communication, and service to others as well as integrity, honesty, and restraint to name a few. These assets are a stepping stone and a guideline for parents. They can especially be used in a â€Å"busy† lifestyle with both parents working full-time jobs. This checklist allows no excuses for parents who are at a loss and do not know what to do with their child. It also teaches parents and teachers how to hold the children responsible and how to discipline the children instead of allowing their actions to continue. These assets can be appropriately used from the time they are 3 years old through adolescence, and would help in never seeing situation like Rockdale County arise. The more Developmental Assets that a person is exposed to the more likely they are to thrive and be successful. Researchers show that parents can set their children up for a bright future and almost guarantee that they will not be involved in high-risk behavior such as drug and alcohol use, sexual activity and drug use, by providing more assets to their child (Institute, 2007). When our adolescents have more assets they are more diverse, have better opportunities and less likely to become involved in high-risk behaviors. There are also a few Developmental Assets that can possibly help our children to prolong their puberty. One external asset of empowerment is safety, which can be considered as the normal external world but also internal. Parents are responsible for what their children use as far as cleaning products and the food they eat, which both contain chemicals and can increase onset puberty. It is the parent’s responsibility to provide safe and desirable products and food for their children. This also leads to obesity, as it can promote onset maturation. Another external asset is constructive use of time; this means that children should participate in weekly sports club or organization within the school or community. By keeping our children active there will be less room for obesity. Another contribution to onset maturation was the absentee father, which is also covered in the assets in the support section; it states that family should provide children with a constant loving and supporting relationship. Some reasons for an absent father cannot always be avoided; however, providing the child’s father that just chooses to be absent may be swayed if he were introduced to the determent it would cause his daughter. Again, following the Developmental Assets will not only allow us to prolong puberty in girls but also allow us to provide a promising future for our children. Before researching and learning more about sexual behavior in our youth I would have said that if there were sexual education classes in our schools that they shou ld be kept to a minimum and not go into much detail on the topic, this is because of how I grew up. As a family and a school we were not open about our sexuality at all, nor did we have sexual education in our school system. And I personally, did not engage in high-risk sexual behavior nor did I know it was a concern. This could be contributed to my own Developmental Assets that my parents provided me with as there were very few, if any, that I was not given. My views have changed drastically on the need for better and more thorough sexual education programs in our schools after seeing the drastic change in numbers of teen pregnancy and STIs. We have to prevent the age of youth engaging in sexual activity dropping each year; it is a great concern and our responsibility to educate them in schools. We should provide the parents and teachers education classes addressing these issues as they may not have been educated themselves. Schools should make information more available to parents and maybe they will see the importance of this issue. Brochures that address concerns and causes for onset puberty would be beneficial to parents, and also providing information to parents at PTO meetings, and other meetings when they already have the parent’s attention. Our schools are concerned with meetings about budgets and addressing lunch programs and ignoring important issues such as sexual development. It is one thing to teach our students, but we must also teach their parents. Advocate for Youth reports the effectiveness of sexual education in schools has contributed to lower numbers in teen pregnancy, lower numbers of youth engaging in unprotected sex, and also delayed initiation of sexual behavior altogether (McKeon, 2006). I think this proves that sexual education in our schools without a doubt needed. Schools can provide sexual development information at correct ages instead of local news and radio stations trying to stop the spread of sexual activity and STIs. I know now just riding in the car with my daughter in the middle of the day listening to the radio with my daughter, there are condom commercials. She is 7 years old and should not be exposed to that for many years to come. I think the internet and television are far worse and if we are not around to monitor our children from a young age then they will be more likely to partake in these kinds of activities. School is the place to educate our children where they can ask questions and learn from adults, not just assuming on their own and among their peers. We can also offer students counseling and behavioral interventions, hopefully before, but especially after children like Rockdale County, as this would provide both parents and students to find out the underlying cause for wanting to engage in sexual activity. If counseling and treatment were more readily available student would not continue to engage in inappropriate behavior and quite possibly be prevented from becoming teen parents as we also saw with the Rockdale county students. These counseling sessions and treatments can be a more intense version of the sexual education classes in our schools that can provide students who are already sexually active and those who want to become sexually active. They can provide both pre as well as post STI test counseling so that teens can recognize symptoms of these infections, be encouraged to let their partner know, and not go untreated. Also, counseling and intervention should use condom promotion to influence students to practice safe sex and lower the risk of teen pregnancy. By providing public awareness and education to our educators, parents, and students we reduce the number of girls that have onset puberty. Parents being taught to be supportive during adolescents, which can be a difficult and confusing time for students, is more important than ever. With the improvement of sexual education programs taught in our school systems, parents and teachers can adequately prepare students for the negative effects of sexual activity before it is too late. The numbers of adolescents engaging in sexual activity, STIs and teen pregnancies can be reduced. References: Caal, Selma M. (2008) Adolescent Sexual Development: Contextualizing a Cognitive Process in the Decision to Engage in Protective or Risky Sexual Behavior. George Mason University.UMI. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. http://denhamlab.gmu.edu/Theses and Dissertations PDFs/Caal2008.pdf>. CDC. (2011). Effective HIV and STD Prevention Programs for Youth.Sexual Behaviors.http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/sexualbehaviors/effective_programs.htm Gentry, J. (2002). Developing Assests. Washington: American Physcological Assosication. Hamilton, B., Ventura, S. (2012). NCHS Data Brief. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved December 18, 2013, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db89.htm Headlee, K. (2010). Growth and Development, Ages 13 to 17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ What You Need to Know. Developing Adolescents, 1, 7. Retrieved December 16, 2013, from http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/FCS/FCSPubs/Fact_Sheets/Growth_and_Development_13-17.pdf McKeon, B. (2006). Effective Sex Education. Advocates for Youth. Retrieved December 19, 2013, from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications450 Parent, A. (2003). The Timing Of Normal Puberty And The Age Limits Of Sexual Precocity: Variations Around The World, Secular Trends, And Changes After Migration. Endocrine Reviews, 24(5), 668-671. Parke, R. D. Gauvain, M. (2009).Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint(7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Ross, B. (1999). The Lost Children of Rockdale County. PBS. Retrieved December 21, 2013, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/georgia/interviews/beth.html Institute. (2007). 40 Developmental Assets. Search Institute. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.search-institute.org/what-we-study/developmental-assets Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). (2013). WHO. Retrieved December 20, 2013, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/

Guy Montag as a Hero Essay

When we hear the word ‘hero’ we think about those who fight for our country out at war or those who put their lives in jeopardy everyday protecting their community like a police officer or fireman, all of these citizens doing this for a small wage in comparison to Rap artists who rhyme profane words making millions of dollars. However you don’t have to live on the streets or have more money than sense to be a hero, you just have to make a difference. In the end identifying someone as a hero or a villain is up to you, it’s in the eye of the beholder. Guy Montag was a fireman for his community and made his mark as a hero through countless acts of courage, bravery, and emotion in the novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Montag stood up for his rights on books and defied his government, even if it meant losing hisfamily, friends, job, and property all in order to do what he believed in. Bradbury symbolizes Montag as a sympathetic hero through the use of diction. Montag is one of the only characters in the novel to actually feel an array of different emotions and understand them. For instance, after the old woman had stood atop the pile of burning books and burned with them, Montag pondered what he saw, â€Å"There must be something in books, things we can’t imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. †(51) and for the first time Montag was exploring feelings he was not very familiar with, like curiosity and sympathy. For the first time the reader gets the feeling that Montag acts differently to the rest of the characters and may be on to something due to his curiosity. Montag shows sympathy in a conversation with Millie, â€Å"A man had to take a long time to put them down on paper†(52) referencing the author of the novels that he and his fellow firemen had burnt. Montag gradually becomes a hero however this results in getting himself into trouble. As the book progresses it is fair to say that â€Å"Curiosity killed the cat† as Montag got caught red handed. Courage, the second attribute that Montag performs,can be seen through the use of imagery. Throughout the novel Montag shows that he has courage to do the right thing even though things are against him. For example, â€Å"Montag places his hand on the woman’s elbow and says, ‘You can come with me'†(39) referring to the old woman who refused to leave her precious books. He tries to convince the old woman to get out of the house which was about to be burned even though other men had already told her to leave. This act requires courage because in a society presented in Fahrenheit 451, nobody cares about others and by trying to help the old woman; Montag creates suspicion toward himself by the other firemen, all because he was trying to save someone’s life. A second example of his courageousness can be found in the river scene. Bradbury paints a picture in the readers mind, â€Å"A storm of light fell upon the river and Montag dived under the great illumination as if the sun had broken the clouds†(139) using specific word choices and exact detail. In addition to the excellent imagery Montag takes a ‘leap of faith’ or in his case ‘plunge of faith’ as he plummets into the river in his attempt at escaping the mechanical hound. Whether it was fluke or not the reader doesn’t know, but Montag safely escaped and stumbled upon an interesting group of men. As stated before, the hero in this book is the main character, Guy Montag which is depicted through character development. Montag is a very curious and careful man, and from the start, different from the rest. A lot of Montag’s character is revealed when he is talking to Clarisse. He’s a good listener and Clarisse spikes his curiosity even more, for example, when she describes to him how she enjoys opening her mouth when it rains, he is extremely surprised, but after she leaves, he tilts his head back and tries it too. (21) Clarisse even remarks, â€Å"You’re not like the others. I’ve seen a few; I know. When I talk, you look at me. When I said something about the moon, you looked at the moon, last night. The others would never do that† (21). He is a very thoughtful man, and has a sensitivity about him. He also is a searcher for a deeper meaning in life. He says, â€Å"We need to be really bothered once in a while. How long is it since you’ve been really bothered? About something important, about something real? † (49). Montag is also imperfect. He is really rash and is filled with a passion that sometimes cripples his goals. He can be destructive, like when he rashly kills Beatty (113). He gets confused and overwhelmed with tough situations and sometimes doesn’t know how to get out of them. All and all Bradbury knew he wanted to make Montag the hero and builds that image bit by bit. Montag represents truth. He represents the want for happiness in our lives and the search for why things are like they are. He wants to find TRUE happiness. Not the happiness everyone else thinks they have. Montag goes on his own search, breaking laws, and doing anything to find out the truth of his own life and that is why he represents the abstract idea of truth. Fahrenheit 451 depicts that a character’s personality may have many more facets than are first visible. Bradbury is able to refract the crystal of Montag’s character, so that it reflects into each reader’s heart a different aspect of humanity. Once Montag becomes more human, Bradbury makes it nearly impossible for the reader to hold grudges about his past. Using this as a tool, Montag, the first apparent antagonist of the story, overcomes the government, which is the real antagonist, and emerges as the hero. From a work literature you have read in or out of school, select a character that, in your opinion, is heroic. In a well-developed composition, identify that character and explain why he or she is heroic. Thesis: Montag is eventually known as a heroic character.

Friedrich Nietzsche Essay

Existentialism provides a moving account of the agony of being in the world. The spirit of existen- tialism has a long history in philosophy. But it be- came a major movement in the second half of the 20th century. Existentialism is not a systematic body of thought like Marxism or psychoanalysis. Instead, it is more like an umbrella under which a very wide range of thinkers struggled with ques- tions about the meaning of life. Much of the appeal and popularity of Existential- ism is due to the sense of confusion, the crisis, and the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Euro- peans felt during World War II and its aftermath. Existentialism’s focus on each person’s role in cre- ating meaning in their life was a major influence on the Phenomenological and Humanistic traditions in psychology and on the â€Å"human potential† move- ment that emerged from them. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) said, â€Å"Conquer your- self rather than the world. †. To modern existential- ists this means that the World itself has no real meaning or purpose. It is not the unfolding expres- sion of Human Destiny or a Divine plan, or even a set of natural laws. The only meaning is that which we create by acts of will. To have a meaningful life we have to act. But we should act without hope. Acting is meaningful but it doesn’t create meaning that lasts beyond the acts themselves or beyond our own lifetime. You are what you do – while you are doing it – and then nothing. (Very depressing. ) In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus (pronounced â€Å"Kam-moo†) (1913-1960) describes life as a kind of hopeless, endless, uphill labor. Hence, the only true problem is that of suicide. Yet, he rejects nihilism; for the human being must fight and never accept defeat. The problem is to be a saint without a God. The last judgment takes place everyday. The human being must do his best, try for what he can within the confinements of his situation. Camus describes Sisyphus condemned by the gods to push a stone up a hill over and over, only to have it roll back down each time he reaches the top. A task that can never be completed. But he finds meaning in the fact that Sisyphus at least gets to decide each time whether to carry on or end it all. Camus says, â€Å"The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man’s heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy. † Although there can never be any meaning in Sisy- phus’ task, there is meaning is choosing each time to continue. Despite encompassing a staggering range of phi- losophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are simple: Mankind has free will. Life is a series of choices, creating stress. Few decisions are without any negative conse- quences. Some things are irrational or absurd, without explanation. If one makes a decision, he or she must follow through. Notes on Existentialism by Tanweer Akram. The fundamental problem of existentialism is con- cerned with the study of being. The human being’s existence is the first and basic fact; the human be- ing has no essence that comes before his existence. The human being, as a being, is nothing. This nothingness and the non-existence of an essence is the central source of the freedom the human being faces in each and every moment. The human being Notes on Existentialism Compiled for PSY 345 (Fall 2004) Existentialism Notes 2 has liberty in view of his situation, in decisions which makes himself and sets himself to solves his problems and live in the world. Thrown into the world, the human being is con- demned to be free. The human being must take this freedom of being and the responsibility and guilt of his actions. Each action negates the other possible courses of action and their consequences; so the human being must be accountable without excuse. The human being must not slip away from his re- sponsibilities. The human being must take deci- sions and assume responsibilities. There is no sig- nificance in this world, this universe. The human being cannot find any purpose in life; his existence is only a contingent fact. His being does not emerge from necessity. If a human being rejects the false pretensions, the illusions of his existence hav- ing a meaning, he encounters the absurdity, the fu- tility of life. The human being’s role in the world is not predetermined or fixed; every person is com- pelled to make a choice. Choice is one thing the human being must make. The trouble is that most often the human being refuses to choose. Hence, he cannot realize his freedom and the futility of his existence. Basically existence is of two types: authentic and inauthentic forms of existence. Authentic existence is contrasted with dynamic and is the being-for- itself, rising from the human being’s bad faith, by which the human being moves away from the bur- den of responsibility, through this beliefs in dogma and by regarding himself as subject to outside in- fluences and his actions to be predetermined. There is a striking contrast between the authentic and the inauthentic forms of being; the authentic being is the being of the human being and the inau- thentic being is the being for things. Yet, authentic being is only rarely attained by the human being; still it is what the human being must strive to gain. The inauthentic being-in-itself is characteristically distinctive of things; it is what the human being is diseased with for his failure to see himself as and act according as a free agent and his impotency to reject bad faith. Things are only what they are. But the human being is what can be. Things are deter- mined, fixed, and rigid; the human being is free; he can add essence to his life in the course of his life and he is in a constant state of flux and is able to comprehend his situation. The human being does not live in a pre-determined world; the human be- ing is free to realize his aims, to materialize his dreams; hence, he has only the destiny he forges for himself because in this world nothing happens out of necessity. The human being hides himself from freedom by self-deception, acting like a thing, as if he is a pas- sive subject, instead of realizing the authentic be- ing for the human being; this is bad faith. In bad faith, the human being shelter himself from re- sponsibility by not noticing the dimensions of al- ternative courses of action facing him; in bad faith, the human being behaves as others demand of him by conforming to the standards of accepted values and by adopting roles designed for him; in bad faith, the human being loses the autonomy of his moral will, his freedom to decide; in bad faith, the human being imprisons himself within inauthentic- ity for he has refused to take the challenge of re- sponsibility and the anxiety that comes along with his freedom. Anxiety ascends from the human being’s realiza- tion that the human being’s destiny is not fixed but is open to an undetermined future of infinite possi- bilities and limitless scope: The emptiness of fu- ture destiny must be filled by making choices for which he alone will assume responsibility and blame. This anxiety is present at every moment of the human being’s existence; anxiety is part and parcel of authentic existence. Anxiety leads the human being to take decisions and be committed. The human being tries to avoid this anguish through bad faith. But the free human being, in his authenticity, must be involved; for his own actions are only his, his responsibility is to himself, his being is his own. The human being must be com- mitted. To be committed means not to support this in place of that, but to attach a human being’s total- ity to a cause; it is the human being’s existential freedom that leads to total commitment. Existentialist thinkers begin from the human situa- tion in the world; the condition of despair, the modes of existence, the human being’s tendency to avoid authentic existence, his relation to things, his own body, and to other beings, with whom he can- not come into genuine communication, and the sufferings of life. Starting from the study of being, each existentialist thinkers originate their own doc- trines, with their own emphasis on particular as- pects. Very often their viewpoints is conflicting and sometimes contradictory; yet this philosophi-cal attitude of being, as a whole, can be described as the existentialist movement, which stresses upon the â€Å"being† of the human being. Existentialism Notes 3 Additional Notes on Existentialism Existentialism, philosophical movement or ten- dency, emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice, that influenced many diverse writers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Major Themes Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, the term is impossible to define precisely. Certain themes common to virtually all existentialist writers can, however, be identified. The term itself suggests one major theme: the stress on concrete individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice. Moral Individualism Most philosophers since Plato have held that the highest ethical good is the same for everyone; inso- far as one approaches moral perfection, one resem- bles other morally perfect individuals. The 19th- century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against this tradition by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his or her own unique vocation. As he wrote in his journal, â€Å"I must find a truth that is true for me . . . the idea for which I can live or die. † Other existentialist writers have echoed Kierkegaard’s belief that one must choose one’s own way without the aid of universal, objective standards. Against the traditional view that moral choice involves an objective judgment of right and wrong, existentialists have argued that no objective, rational basis can be found for moral decisions. The 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche further contended that the indi- vidual must decide which situations are to count as moral situations. SubjectivityAll existentialists have followed Kierkegaard in s tressing the importance of passionate individual action in deciding questions of both morality and truth. They have insisted, accordingly, that per- sonal experience and acting on one’s own convic- tions are essential in arriving at the truth. Thus, the understanding of a situation by someone involved in that situation is superior to that of a detached, objective observer. This emphasis on the perspec- tive of the individual agent has also made existen- tialists suspicious of systematic reasoning. Kierke- gaard, Nietzsche, and other existentialist writers have been deliberately unsystematic in the exposi- tion of their philosophies, preferring to express themselves in aphorisms, dialogues, parables, and other literary forms. Despite their antirationalist position, however, most existentialists cannot be said to be irrationalists in the sense of denying all validity to rational thought. They have held that rational clarity is desirable wherever possible, but that the most important questions in life are not accessible to reason or science. Furthermore, they have argued that even science is not as rational as is commonly supposed. Nietzsche, for instance, asserted that the scientific assumption of an orderly universe is for the most part a useful fiction. Choice and Commitment Perhaps the most prominent theme in existentialist writing is that of choice. Humanity’s primary dis- tinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Existentialists have held that human beings do not have a fixed nature, or es- sence, as other animals and plants do; each human being makes choices that create his or her own na- ture. In the formulation of the 20th-century French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, existence precedes essence. Choice is therefore central to human exis- tence, and it is inescapable; even the refusal to choose is a choice. Freedom of choice entails com- mitment and responsibility. Because individuals are free to choose their own path, existentialists have argued, they must accept the risk and respon- sibility of following their commitment wherever it leads. Dread and Anxiety Kierkegaard held that it is spiritually crucial to rec- ognize that one experiences not only a fear of spe- cific objects but also a feeling of general apprehen- sion, which he called dread. He interpreted it as God’s way of calling each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life. The word anxiety (German Angst) has a similarly cru- cial role in the work of the 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger; anxiety leads to the individual’s confrontation with nothingness and with the impossibility of finding ultimate justifica- tion for the choices he or she must make. In the philosophy of Sartre, the word nausea is used for the individual’s recognition of the pure contin- gency of the universe, and the word anguish is used for the recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts the individual at every mo- ment. Existentialism Notes 4 History Existentialism as a distinct philosophical and liter- ary movement belongs to the 19th and 20th centu- ries, but elements of existentialism can be found in the thought (and life) of Socrates, in the Bible, and in the work of many premodern philosophers and writers. Pascal The first to anticipate the major concerns of mod- ern existentialism was the 17th-century French phi- losopher Blaise Pascal. Pascal rejected the rigorous rationalism of his contemporary Rene Descartes, asserting, in his Pensees (1670), that a systematic philosophy that presumes to explain God and hu- manity is a form of pride. Like later existentialist writers, he saw human life in terms of paradoxes: The human self, which combines mind and body, is itself a paradox and contradiction. Kierkegaard Kierkegaard, generally regarded as the founder of modern existentialism, reacted against the system- atic absolute idealism of the 19th-century German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who claimed to have worked out a total rational understanding of hu- manity and history. Kierkegaard, on the contrary, stressed the ambiguity and absurdity of the human situation. The individual’s response to this situation must be to live a totally committed life, and this commitment can only be understood by the indi- vidual who has made it. The individual therefore must always be prepared to defy the norms of soci- ety for the sake of the higher authority of a person- ally valid way of life. Kierkegaard ultimately advo- cated a â€Å"leap of faith† into a Christian way of life, which, although incomprehensible and full of risk, was the only commitment he believed could save the individual from despair. Nietzsche Nietzsche, who was not acquainted with the work of Kierkegaard, influenced subsequent existential- ist thought through his criticism of traditional metaphysical and moral assumptions and through his espousal of tragic pessimism and the life- affirming individual will that opposes itself to the moral conformity of the majority. In contrast to Kierkegaard, whose attack on conventional moral- ity led him to advocate a radically individualistic Christianity, Nietzsche proclaimed the â€Å"death of God† and went on to reject the entire Judeo- Christian moral tradition in favor of a heroic pagan ideal. Heidegger Heidegger, like Pascal and Kierkegaard, reacted against an attempt to put philosophy on a conclu- sive rationalistic basis—in this case the phenome- nology of the 20th-century German philosopher Edmund Husserl. Heidegger argued that humanity finds itself in an incomprehensible, indifferent world. Human beings can never hope to under- stand why they are here; instead, each individual must choose a goal and follow it with passionate conviction, aware of the certainty of death and the ultimate meaninglessness of one’s life. Heidegger contributed to existentialist thought an original em- phasis on being and ontology as well as on lan- guage. Sartre Sartre first gave the term existentialism general currency by using it for his own philosophy and by becoming the leading figure of a distinct move- ment in France that became internationally influen- tial after World War II. Sartre’s philosophy is ex- plicitly atheistic and pessimistic; he declared that human beings require a rational basis for their lives but are unable to achieve one, and thus human life is a â€Å"futile passion. † Sartre nevertheless insisted that his existentialism is a form of humanism, and he strongly emphasized human freedom, choice, and responsibility. He eventually tried to reconcile these existentialist concepts with a Marxist analy- sis of society and history. Existentialism and Theology Although existentialist thought encompasses the uncompromising atheism of Nietzsche and Sartre and the agnosticism of Heidegger, its origin in the intensely religious philosophies of Pascal and Kierkegaard foreshadowed its profound influence on 20th-century theology. The 20th-century Ger- man philosopher Karl Jaspers, although he rejected explicit religious doctrines, influenced contempo- rary theology through his preoccupation with tran- scendence and the limits of human experience. The German Protestant theologians Paul Tillich and Rudolf Bultmann, the French Roman Catholic theologian Gabriel Marcel, the Russian Orthodox philosopher Nikolay Berdyayev, and the German Jewish philosopher Martin Buber inherited many Existentialism Notes 5 of Kierkegaard’s concerns, especially that a per- sonal sense of authenticity and commitment is es- sential to religious faith. Existentialism and Literature A number of existentialist philosophers used liter- ary forms to convey their thought, and existential- ism has been as vital and as extensive a movement in literature as in philosophy. The 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky is probably the greatest existentialist literary figure. In Notes from the Underground (1864), the alienated anti- hero rages against the optimistic assumptions of rationalist humanism. The view of human nature that emerges in this and other novels of Dostoyevsky is that it is unpredictable and per- versely self-destructive; only Christian love can save humanity from itself, but such love cannot be understood philosophically. As the character Alyo- sha says in The Brothers Karamazov (1879-80), â€Å"We must love life more than the meaning of it. † In the 20th century, the novels of the Austrian Jew- ish writer Franz Kafka, such as The Trial (1925; trans. 1937) and The Castle (1926; trans. 1930), present isolated men confronting vast, elusive, menacing bureaucracies; Kafka’s themes of anxi- ety, guilt, and solitude reflect the influence of Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky, and Nietzsche. The in- fluence of Nietzsche is also discernible in the nov- els of the French writers Andre Malraux and in the plays of Sartre. The work of the French writer Al- bert Camus is usually associated with existential- ism because of the prominence in it of such themes as the apparent absurdity and futility of life, the indifference of the universe, and the necessity of engagement in a just cause. Existentialist themes are also reflected in the theater of the absurd, nota- bly in the plays of Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco. In the United States, the influence of exis- tentialism on literature has been more indirect and diffuse, but traces of Kierkegaard’s thought can be found in the novels of Walker Percy and John Up- dike, and various existentialist themes are apparent in the work of such diverse writers as Norman Mailer, John Barth, and Arthur Miller. Conclusion Existentialists make endless claims. They never bother to show how they reached their claims or if these are, indeed, true. The existentialists when he pretends to present a representation of reality pro- vides no cognition; unverifiable assertions may well express powerful and even necessary emo- tions and passions, but that’s best left to the arts and literature. Existentialism is a highly passionate philosophy and, from the outset, seems to aim at a dynamic and fashionable life-style. Also it is mostly unsys- tematic and pays little attention to logic or science. Whatever one makes of its metaphysical claims, one cannot deny that existentialism was able to provide a moving account of the spirit of the con- temporary world and the nausea and frustration of survival. Indeed, it is basically for its richness in psychological insight and its impact on culture that existentialist philosophy will continued to be stud- ied.